Golf you're already getting into a bit of advanced fueling concepts. You simply want to buy fuel at the cheapest base price, but do your miles in the cheapest states. The problem is exactly like you stated, usually the cheapest "base price" fuel is in the high tax rate states. You want to buy fuel there but you don't want to travel there.
But imagine buying fuel in Indiana, AND traveling in Illinois? For example:
IN fuel tax rate is 16 cents
IL fuel tax rate is 43.4 cents
We'll ignore the surcharge just to make things easier.
The fuel price at Minooka, IL is $2.919, base price $2.485
The fuel price at Gary, IN is $2.699, base price $2.539
If you get 6 mpg and fueled up in Minooka, Illinois the numbers would be:
Illinois $2.485 + $0.434 = $2.919/gallon 48.65 cpm total cost
Indiana $2.485 + $0.16 = $2.645/gallon 44.083 cpm total cost
If you fueled up in Gary, Indiana the numbers would be:
Illinois $2.539 + $0.434 = $2.973/gallon 49.55 cpm total cost
Indiana $2.539 + $0.16 = $2.699/gallon 44.983 cpm total cost
So you save 1 CPM just by fueling up in Illinois. Remember that your base price is "paid and done for" yet the tax rate changes every state line you cross. So every time you cross a state line your actual costs change. It's always base price at last fillup + fuel tax rate of current state you're in.
Quote:
Is the total amount of fuel tax paid during a month/quarter divided up EQUALLY among the states based on mileage in those states? Or is it apportioned by mileage FACTORED BY PERCENTAGE RATE?
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It is based on fuel used in each state, which is based on mileage and average MPG for the reporting period. Going back to Illinois/Indiana:
Say you did 500 miles in each state and averaged 5 mpg. That's all you did for the month. The reporting period comes, and you tally up your miles. You did 1000 miles, 500 in each state, and averaged 5 MPG. Therefore you burned 100 gallons in each state. You "owe" Indiana $16, and you "owe" Illinois $43.40.
If you bought all of the fuel in Illinois, you would receive $27.40 back(200 gallons X $0.434 fuel tax rate = $86.80 paid through the quarter, but you pay Illinois $43.40 and Indiana $16, $86.80 - $43.40 - $16 = $27.40).
If you bought all of the fuel in Indiana, you would owe $27.40(200 gallons X $0.16 fuel tax rate = $32 paid through the quarter, you pay Illinois $43.40 and Indiana $16, $32 - $43.40 - $16 = -$27.40)
But wait, we need to calculate how much you actually paid overall:
Illinois you bought 200 gallons, and paid $2.919 = $583.80
$583.80 plus your IFTA return of $27.40 = $556.40 "total" fuel cost
Indiana you bought 200 gallons, and paid $2.645 = $529
$529 plus you owed IFTA $27.40 = $556.40
There are two was to calculate total fuel cost:
Pump price paid throughout quarter - IFTA return(negative if owed, resulting in addition of the number) = Total fuel cost for quarter
Base price paid throughout quarter + all fuel tax paid = Total fuel cost for quarter
Both should come up with the same number.